SECTION II - EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY AND SPORTS MEDICINE / RESEARCH PAPER
The Effects of Combined Contrast Heat Cold Pressure Therapy on Post-Exercise Muscle Recovery in MMA Fighters:
A Randomized Controlled Trial
1
Medical Department Wojciech Korfanty, Upper Silesian Academy, Katowice, Poland.
2
Provita Żory Medical Center, Żory, Poland.
3
Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
4
Institute of Healthy Living, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
5
Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland.
6
Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland.
7
Department of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
8
Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal.
9
Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
10
Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Department of Physical Culture and Health, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.
11
Department of Paralympics Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
Submission date: 2023-12-11
Final revision date: 2024-03-15
Acceptance date: 2024-06-19
Online publication date: 2024-09-26
Corresponding author
Jarosław Muracki
Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Department of Physical Culture and Health, University of Szczecin, 70-453, Szczecin, Poland
Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Department of Physical Culture and Health, University of Szczecin, 70-453, Szczecin, Poland
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
Sport BiomechanicsSports InjuriesPhysiological AssessmentPreventive MedicineSports TrainingPeak Performance
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of contrast heat and cold pressure therapy (CHCP) on muscle tone, elasticity, stiffness, perfusion unit, and muscle fatigue indices after plyometric training consisting of five sets of jumping on a 50-cm high box until exhaustion. A prospective, randomized, controlled single-blind study design was used. Twenty professional MMA fighters were included in the study. The experimental group (n = 10) was subjected to the CHCP protocol (eGR), while the control group (cGR) (n = 10) was subjected to sham therapy. Both protocols consisted of three CHCP sessions performed immediately after plyometric exercise, 24 and 48 h afterwards. Measurements were taken at the following time points: 1) at rest; 2) 1 min post-exercise; 3) 1 min post-CHCP therapy; 4) 24 h post-CHCP therapy; 5) 48 h post-CHCP therapy. The results of the eGR compared to the cGR showed significantly higher perfusion at time point 5 (p < 0.001), higher muscle tone at time points 1, and 3–5 (p < 0.001 for all), higher stiffness at time points 1, 3–5 (p < 0.001 for all) and a higher pain threshold at time points 1 and 5 (p < 0.001 for all). This study suggests a positive effect of CHCP therapy on muscle biomechanics, the pain threshold, and tissue perfusion, which may contribute to increasing the effectiveness of post-exercise muscle recovery in MMA athletes.
REFERENCES (85)
1.
Abaïdia, A. E., Lamblin, J., Delecroix, B., Leduc, C., McCall, A., Nédélec, M., Dawson, B., Baquet, G., & Dupont, G. (2017). Recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage: Cold-water immersion versus whole-body cryotherapy. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(3), 402–409. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.....
2.
Akasaki, Y., Miyata, M., Eto, H., Shirasawa, T., Hamada, N., Ikeda, Y., Biro, S., Otsuji, Y., & Tei, C. (2006). Repeated thermal therapy up-regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase and augments angiogenesis in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia. Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society, 70(4), 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1253/CIRCJ.....
3.
Al-Mulla, M. R., Sepulveda, F., & Colley, M. (2011). A review of non-invasive techniques to detect and predict localised muscle fatigue. Sensors, 11(4), 3545–3594. https://doi.org/10.3390/s11040....
4.
Alexander, J., Jeffery, J., & Rhodes, D. (2021). Recovery profiles of eccentric hamstring strength in response to cooling and compression. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 27, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBMT....
5.
Allan, R., Malone, J., Alexander, J., Vorajee, S., Ihsan, M., Gregson, W., Kwiecien, S., & Mawhinney, C. (2022). Cold for centuries: a brief history of cryotherapies to improve health, injury and post-exercise recovery. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(5), 1153. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421....
6.
AlSabagh, A. T., Rao, M. S., & Renno, W. M. (2022). The impact of heat therapy on neuromuscular function and muscle atrophy in diabetic rats. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 1039588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.....
7.
Ambroży, T., Rydzik, Ł., Spieszny, M., Chwała, W., Jaszczur-Nowicki, J., Jekiełek, M., Görner, K., Ostrowski, A., & Cynarski, W. J. (2021). Evaluation of the level of technical and tactical skills and its relationships with aerobic capacity and special fitness in elite ju jitsu athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12286. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph....
8.
Amtmann J. A. (2004). Self-reported training methods of mixed martial artists at a regional reality fighting event. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(1), 194–196. https://doi.org/10.1519/001242....
9.
Andrade, A., Flores, M. A., Andreato, L. V., & Coimbra, D. R. (2019). Physical and training characteristics of mixed martial arts athletes: Systematic review. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 41(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.00....
10.
Bahr, R., & Holme, I. (2003). Risk factors for sports injuries — a methodological approach. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(5), 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSM.3....
11.
Bartsch, K., Brandl, A., Weber, P., Wilke, J., Bensamoun, S. F., Bauermeister, W., Klingler, W., & Schleip, R. (2023). Assessing reliability and validity of different stiffness measurement tools on a multi-layered phantom tissue model. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598....
12.
Bieuzen, F., Bleakley, C. M., & Costello, J. T. (2013). Contrast Water Therapy and Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e62356. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
13.
Booth, M. A., & Orr, R. (2016). Effects of plyometric training on sports performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 38(1), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.00....
14.
Brunt, V. E., Howard, M. J., Francisco, M. A., Ely, B. R., & Minson, C. T. (2016). Passive heat therapy improves endothelial function, arterial stiffness and blood pressure in sedentary humans. Journal of Physiology, 594(18), 5329–5342. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP2724....
15.
Bueno, J. C. A., Faro, H., Lenetsky, S., Gonçalves, A. F., Dias, S. B. C. D., Ribeiro, A. L. B., da Silva, B. V. C., Filho, C. A. C., de Vasconcelos, B. M., Serrão, J. C., Andrade, A., Souza-Junior, T. P., & Claudino, J. G. (2022). Exploratory Systematic Review of Mixed Martial Arts: An Overview of Performance of Importance Factors with over 20,000 Athletes. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 10(6), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports....
16.
César, E. P., Júnior, C. S. R., & Francisco, R. N. (2021). Effects of 2 intersection strategies for physical recovery in jiu-jitsu athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 16(4), 585–590. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.....
17.
Chen, G., Wu, J., Chen, G., Lu, Y., Ren, W., Xu, W., Xu, X., Wu, Z., Guan, Y., Zheng, Y., & Qiu, B. (2019). Reliability of a portable device for quantifying tone and stiffness of quadriceps femoris and patellar tendon at different knee flexion angles. PLoS ONE, 14(7), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
18.
Cheung, K., Hume, P. A., & Maxwell, L. (2003). Delayed onset muscle soreness: Treatment Strategies and Performance Factors. Sports Medicine, 33(2), 145–164.
19.
Chiesa, S. T., Bhowruth, D. J., & Trangmar, S. J. (2017). Short-term heat therapy: sufficient stimulus for structural vascular adaptations? Journal of Physiology, 595(11), 3667–3668. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP2740....
20.
Choi, P. J., Brunt, V. E., Fujii, N., & Minson, C. T. (2014). New approach to measure cutaneous microvascular function: an improved test of NO-mediated vasodilation by thermal hyperemia. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 117(3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplp....
21.
Cholewa J, Gorzkowska A, Kunicki M, Stanula A, Cholewa J. (2016). Continuation of full time employment as an inhibiting factor in Parkinson's disease symptoms. Work, 54(3), 569-575. doi:10.3233/WOR-162305.
22.
Cochrane, D. J. (2004). Alternating hot and cold water immersion for athlete recovery: A review. Physical Therapy in Sport, 5(1), 26–32. https://.
23.
Colantuono, V. M., Oakley, R., Hatfield, D. L., Penailillo, L., Lateef, S., & Earp, J. E. (2023). Contrast With Compression Therapy Enhances Muscle Function Recovery and Attenuates Glycogen Disruption After Exercise. Sports Health, 15(2), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/194173....
24.
Cranston, A. W., & Driller, M. W. (2022). Investigating the Use of an Intermittent Sequential Pneumatic Compression Arm Sleeve for Recovery After Upper-Body Exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(6), 1548–1553. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.00....
25.
Diouf, J. D., Diao, S., Sy, M. H., Gueye, A. B., Kinkpe, C. V. A., Niane, M. M., & Daffe, M. (2018). Effects of Intermittent Dynamic Compression (Game ready) on Treatment of Musculo-Skeletal Injuries: About 12 Basketball Professionals. Journal of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Sports Medicine, 2(2), 7.
26.
Draper, S. N., Kullman, E. L., Sparks, K. E., Little, K., & Thoman, J. (2020). Effects of intermittent pneumatic compression on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in long distance runners. International Journal of Exercise Science, 13(2), 75–86.
27.
Dupont, W. H., Meuris, B. J., Hardesty, V. H., Barnhart, E. C., Tompkins, L. H., Golden, M. J. P., Usher, C. J., Spence, P. A., Caldwell, L. K., Post, E. M., Beeler, M. K., & Kraemer, W. J. (2017). The effects combining cryocompression therapy following an acute bout of resistance exercise on performance and recovery. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 16(3), 333–342.
28.
Enoka, R. M., & Duchateau, J. (2008). Muscle fatigue: what, why and how it influences muscle function. Journal of Physiology, 586(Pt 1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1113/JPHYSI....
29.
Eriksson, E., Germann, G., & Mathur, A. (1986). Microcirculation in muscle. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 17(1), 13–16. https://doi.org/10.1097/000006....
30.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF0319....
31.
Flanagan, E. P., Ebben, W. P., & Jensen, R. L. (2008). Reliability of the reactive strength index and time to stabilization during depth jumps. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1677–1682.
32.
Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Romero-Rodriguez, D., Lloyd, R. S., Kushner, A., & Myer, G. D. (2016). Integrative Neuromuscular Training in Youth Athletes. Part II: Strategies to Prevent Injuries and Improve Performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 38(4), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.00....
33.
French, D. N., Thompson, K. G., Garland, S. W., Barnes, C. A., Portas, M. D., Hood, P. E., & Wilkes, G. (2008). The effects of contrast bathing and compression therapy on muscular performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(7), 1297–1306. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0B....
34.
Goswami, S., Jelly, P., Sharma, S. K., Negi, R., & Sharma, R. (2022). The effect of heat therapy on pain intensity, duration of labor during first stage among primiparous women and Apgar scores: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Midwifery, 6, 66. https://doi.org/10.18332/ejm/1....
35.
Graven-Nielsen, T., Arendt-Nielsen, L., & Mense, S. (2002). Thermosensitivity of muscle: high-intensity thermal stimulation of muscle tissue induces muscle pain in humans. Journal of Physiology, 540(Pt 2), 647. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysi....
36.
Hansen, A. H., Nielsen, J. J., Saltin, B., & Hellsten, Y. (2010). Exercise training normalizes skeletal muscle vascular endothelial growth factor levels in patients with essential hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 28(6), 1176–1185. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0b....
37.
Healy, R., Kenny, I., & Harrison, D. (2018). Reactive strength index: A poor indicator of reactive strength? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(6), 802–809. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.....
38.
Huxel, K. C., Swanik, C. B., Swanik, K. A., Bartolozzi, A. R., Hillstrom, H. J., Sitler, M. R., & Moffit, D. M. (2008). Stiffness regulation and muscle-recruitment strategies of the shoulder in response to external rotation perturbations. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume, 90(1), 154–162. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.F....
39.
Kelly, J. P., Koppenhaver, S. L., Michener, L. A., Kolber, M. J., & Cleland, J. A. (2021). Immediate decrease of muscle biomechanical stiffness following dry needling in asymptomatic participants. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 27, 605–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBMT....
40.
Kim, K., Kargl, C. K., Ro, B., Song, Q., Stein, K., Gavin, T. P., & Roseguini, B. T. (2021). Neither Peristaltic Pulse Dynamic Compressions nor Heat Therapy Accelerate Glycogen Resynthesis after Intermittent Running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 53(11), 2425–2435. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.00....
41.
Kim, K., Monroe, J. C., Gavin, T. P., & Roseguini, B. T. (2020a). Skeletal muscle adaptations to heat therapy. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 128(6), 1635–1642. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplp....
42.
Kim, K., Monroe, J. C., Gavin, T. P., & Roseguini, B. T. (2020b). Local Heat Therapy to Accelerate Recovery After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 48(4), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.00....
43.
Kim, K., Reid, B. A., Casey, C. A., Bender, B. E., Ro, B., Song, Q., Trewin, A. J., Petersen, A. C., Kuang, S., Gavin, T. P., & Roseguini, B. T. (2020). Effects of repeated local heat therapy on skeletal muscle structure and function in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 128(3), 483–492. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplp....
44.
Kostikiadis, I. N., Methenitis, S., Tsoukos, A., Veligekas, P., Terzis, G., & Bogdanis, G. C. (2018). The effect of short-term sport-specific strength and conditioning training on physical fitness of well-trained mixed martial arts athletes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 17(3), 348–358.
45.
Kvandal, P., Landsverk, S. A., Bernjak, A., Stefanovska, A., Kvernmo, H. D., & Kirkebøen, K. A. (2006). Low-frequency oscillations of the laser Doppler perfusion signal in human skin. Microvascular Research, 72(3), 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MVR.....
46.
La Bounty, P., Campbell, B. I., Galvan, E., Cooke, M., & Antonio, J. (2011). Strength and conditioning considerations for mixed martial arts. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 33(1), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b....
47.
Liana, R., Chudański, M., & Katedra, I. P. (2009). Standarisation of laser Doppler flowmetry - own standards. Clinical Diabetology, 10(2), 58–64.
48.
Lindsay, A., Carr, S., Cross, S., Petersen, C., Lewis, J. G., & Gieseg, S. P. (2017). The physiological response to cold-water immersion following a mixed martial arts training session. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquee, Nutrition et Metabolisme, 42(5), 529–536. https://doi.org/10.1139/APNM-2....
49.
Liu, Y. (2001). Changes in skeletal muscle heat shock proteins: Pathological significance. Frontiers in Bioscience, 6(1), d12. https://doi.org/10.2741/LIU.
50.
Machado, A. F., Ferreira, P. H., Micheletti, J. K., de Almeida, A. C., Lemes, Í. R., Vanderlei, F. M., Netto Junior, J., & Pastre, C. M. (2016). Can Water Temperature and Immersion Time Influence the Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 46(4), 503–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279....
51.
Markwick, W. J., Bird, S. P., Tufano, J. J., Seitz, L. B., & Haff, G. G. (2015). The intraday reliability of the reactive strength index calculated from a drop jump in professional men’s basketball. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(4), 482–488. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.....
52.
McGorm, H., Roberts, L. A., Coombes, J. S., & Peake, J. M. (2018). Turning Up the Heat: An Evaluation of the Evidence for Heating to Promote Exercise Recovery, Muscle Rehabilitation and Adaptation. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 48(6), 1311–1328. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279....
53.
McKay, A. K. A., Stellingwerff, T., Smith, E. S., Martin, D. T., Mujika, I., Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L., Sheppard, J., & Burke, L. M. (2022). Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 17(2), 317–331. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.....
54.
Melo, A. S. C., Cruz, E. B., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Sousa, A. S. P. (2022). Scapular Dynamic Muscular Stiffness Assessed through Myotonometry: A Narrative Review. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 22(7), 2565. https://doi.org/10.3390/S22072....
55.
Messina, C. (1990). Pathophysiology of muscle tone. Functional Neurology, 5(3), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.3....
56.
Minson, C. T., Berry, L. T., & Joyner, M. J. (2001). Nitric oxide and neurally mediated regulation of skin blood flow during local heating. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 91(4), 1619–1626. https://doi.org/10.1152/JAPPL.....
57.
Moore, E., Fuller, J. T., Bellenger, C. R., Saunders, S., Halson, S. L., Broatch, J. R., & Buckley, J. D. (2023). Effects of Cold-Water Immersion Compared with Other Recovery Modalities on Athletic Performance Following Acute Strenuous Exercise in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. Sports Medicine, 53(3), 687–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279....
58.
Muckelt, P. E., Warner, M. B., Cheliotis-James, T., Muckelt, R., Hastermann, M., Schoenrock, B., Martin, D., MacGregor, R., Blottner, D., & Stokes, M. (2022). Protocol and reference values for minimal detectable change of MyotonPRO and ultrasound imaging measurements of muscle and subcutaneous tissue. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598....
59.
Mynarski, W.Cholewa, J. Rozpara, M. Strojek, K. Nawrocka, A. R (2015). Recommendations for health-enhancing physical activities in type 2 diabetes patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 27(8), 2419–2422. Doi:10.1589/jpts.27.2419.
60.
Nuñez, F. J., Ritzmann, R., Hernandez-Abad, F., Martinez, J. C., & Suarez-Arrones, L. (2022). Muscle Architecture, Morphology, and Mechanical and Functional Properties of Biceps Femoris Long Head in Professional Soccer Players with a Prior Healed Injured Hamstring. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(23), 7222. https://doi.org/10.3390/JCM112....
61.
Ogoh, S., Sato, K., Okazaki, K., Miyamoto, T., Hirasawa, A., Morimoto, K., & Shibasaki, M. (2013). Blood flow distribution during heat stress: Cerebral and systemic blood flow. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 33(12), 1915–1920. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.....
62.
Park, G., Kim, C. W., Park, S. B., Kim, M. J., & Jang, S. H. (2011). Reliability and Usefulness of the Pressure Pain Threshold Measurement in Patients with Myofascial Pain. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 35(3), 412. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.20....
63.
Peñailillo, L., Blazevich, A., Numazawa, H., & Nosaka, K. (2015). Rate of force development as a measure of muscle damage. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(3), 417–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12....
64.
Plush, M. G., Guppy, S. N., Nosaka, K., & Barley, O. R. (2021). Developing a Comprehensive Testing Battery for Mixed Martial Arts. International Journal of Exercise Science, 14(4), 941–961.
65.
Poole, D. C. (2019). Edward F. Adolph Distinguished Lecture. Contemporary model of muscle microcirculation: gateway to function and dysfunction. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 127(4), 1012–1033. https://doi.org/10.1152/JAPPLP....
66.
Prapavessis, H., McNair, P. J., Anderson, K., & Hohepa, M. (2003). Decreasing landing forces in children: the effect of instructions. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 33(4), 204–207. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.....
67.
Priego-Quesada, J. I., Gandia-Soriano, A., Pellicer-Chenoll, M. T., Catalá-Vilaplana, I., Bermejo-Ruiz, J. L., Encarnación-Martínez, A., Salvador-Palmer, R., & Cibrián Ortiz de Anda, R. (2021). Reproducibility of skin temperature response after cold stress test using the game ready system: Preliminary study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph....
68.
Ravier, G., Marcel-Millet, P., Fostel, C., & Baradat, E. (2022). Post-Exercise Cold- and Contrasting-Water Immersion Effects on Heart Rate Variability Recovery in International Handball Female Players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 81(1), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-....
69.
Richey, R. E., Hemingway, H. W., Moore, A. M., Olivencia-Yurvati, A. H., & Romero, S. A. (2022). Acute heat exposure improves microvascular function in skeletal muscle of aged adults. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 322(3), H386–H393. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajphea....
70.
Roberts, K. A., van Gent, T., Hopkins, N. D., Jones, H., Dawson, E. A., Draijer, R., Carter, H. H., Atkinson, C. L., Green, D. J., Thijssen, D. H. J., & Low, D. A. (2017). Reproducibility of four frequently used local heating protocols to assess cutaneous microvascular function. Microvascular Research, 112, 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.....
71.
Roberts, T. J., & Konow, N. (2013). How tendons buffer energy dissipation by muscle. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 41(4), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1097/jes.0b....
72.
Selkow, N. M., Herman, D. C., Liu, Z., Hertel, J., Hart, J. M., & Saliba, S. A. (2013). Microvascular perfusion increases after eccentric exercise of the gastrocnemius. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, 32(4), 653–658. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.20....
73.
Sousa, C. A., Zourdos, M. C., Storey, A. G., & Helms, E. R. (2024). The Importance of Recovery in Resistance Training Microcycle Construction. Journal of Human Kinetics, 91(Spec Issue), 205–223. https://doi.org/10.5114/JHK/18....
74.
Stadnyk, A. M. J., Rehrer, N. J., Handcock, P. J., Meredith-Jones, K. A., & Cotter, J. D. (2017). No clear benefit of muscle heating on hypertrophy and strength with resistance training. Temperature (Austin, Tex.), 5(2), 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/233289....
75.
Szabo, D. A., Neagu, N., Teodorescu, S., Predescu, C., Sopa, I. S., & Panait, L. (2022). TECAR Therapy Associated with High-Intensity Laser Therapy (Hilt) and Manual Therapy in the Treatment of Muscle Disorders: A Literature Review on the Theorised Effects Supporting Their Use. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(20), 6149. https://doi.org/10.3390/JCM112....
76.
Szyguła, R., Wierzbicka, M., & Sondel, G. (2020). Influence of 8-Week Aerobic Training on the Skin Microcirculation in Patients with Ischaemic Heart Disease. Journal of Aging Research, 2020, 4602067. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4....
77.
Tack, C. (2013). Evidence-based guidelines for strength and conditioning in mixed martial arts. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 35(5), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0B....
78.
Vaile, J. M., Gill, N. D., & Blazevich, A. J. (2007). The effect of contrast water therapy on symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(3), 697–702. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-1935....
79.
Versey, N. G., Halson, S. L., & Dawson, B. T. (2012). Effect of contrast water therapy duration on recovery of running performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 7(2), 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.....
80.
Wang, Y., Lu, H., Li, S., Zhang, Y., Yan, F., Huang, Y., Chen, X., Yang, A., Han, L., & Ma, Y. (2022). Effect of cold and heat therapies on pain relief in patients with delayed onset muscle soreness: A network meta-analysis. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 54, jrm00258. https://doi.org/10.2340/jrm.v5....
81.
Wiśniowski, P., Cieśliński, M., Jarocka, M., Kasiak, P. S., Makaruk, B., Pawliczek, W., & Wiecha, S. (2022). The Effect of Pressotherapy on Performance and Recovery in the Management of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(8), 2077. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm110....
82.
Wu, C. M., Ho, J. Y., Wang, W. Y., & Cai, Z. Y. (2023). Foot Cooling between Interval Bouts Enhances Repeated Lower Limb Power Performance: The Role of Delaying Fatigue. Journal of Human Kinetics, 86, 107–116. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/15....
83.
Xie, Y., Song, L., Weng, Z., Liu, S., & Liu, Z. (2015). Hsp90, Hsp60 and sHsp families of heat shock protein genes in channel catfish and their expression after bacterial infections. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 44(2), 642–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FSI.....
84.
Zebrowska, A., Trybulski, R., Roczniok, R., & Marcol, W. (2019). Effect of Physical Methods of Lymphatic Drainage on Postexercise Recovery of Mixed Martial Arts Athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 29(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.00....
85.
Zuj, K. A., Hedge, E. T., Milligan, J. D., Peterson, S. D., & Hughson, R. L. (2021). Intermittent compression of the calf muscle as a countermeasure to protect blood pressure and brain blood flow in upright posture in older adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(3), 839–848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421....
| eISSN: | 1899-7562 |
| ISSN: | 1640-5544 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
