SECTION I - KINESIOLOGY / RESEARCH PAPER
Effects of Intrinsic and Orbital Angular Momentum
on the Swimming Individual and Relay Starts Performance
1
Health and Human Performance Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
2
AquaLab Research Group, Education and Educational Innovation Department, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.
3
Sports Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Submission date: 2024-02-06
Final revision date: 2024-09-22
Acceptance date: 2025-02-24
Online publication date: 2025-09-23
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
There is currently a lack of knowledge about the rotational component of competitive starting techniques using starting blocks equipped with an adjustable back plate and its effect on water entry. The aim of the present study was to examine the angular momentum components of the current competitive swimming starts and to compare the contribution of the body segments to the rotational component of the individual kick start and the relay step start techniques. The block and aerial starting movements of eleven competitive swimmers during an individual and relay start from an Omega OSB11 were filmed at 120 Hz. The total body and the segmental contributions to the intrinsic and orbital components of the angular momentum were computed. Regardless of the type of the start, the orbital rotation of the body segments around the swimmer's centre of mass accounted for a large proportion (between 89 and 91%) of the total angular momentum. At the take-off, the total angular momentum was greater in relay step starts than in individual kick starts (η2 = 0.71). However, the competitive swimmers showed larger lower limb entry angles during the individual kick start (291.5 ± 1.8° vs. 282.2 ± 3.4°), related to a greater segmental contribution of lower limbs (56.5% ± 2.8) to the total angular momentum (η2 = 0.76). The adjustable back plate of the block provided a greater rotational component for the lower limbs in the individual kick start (compared to the relay step start), which assisted swimmers in achieving a better body posture at the water entry.
REFERENCES (23)
1.
Abdel-Aziz, Y. I., Karara, H. M., & Hauck, M. (2015). Direct Linear Transformation from Comparator Coordinates into Object Space Coordinates in Close-Range Photogrammetry. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 81(2), 103–107.
2.
Bahamonde, R. E. (2000). Changes in angular momentum during the tennis serve. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(8), 579–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404....
3.
Born, D. P., Kuger, J., Polach, M., & Romann, M. (2021). Start and turn performances of elite male swimmers: benchmarks and underlying mechanisms. Sports Biomechanics, 23(4), 484–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/147631....
4.
De Leva, P. (1996). Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov’s segment inertia parameters. Journal of Biomechanics, 29(9), 1223–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9....
5.
García-Ramos, A., Feriche, B., de la Fuente, B., Argüelles-Cienfuegos, J., Strojnik, V., Strumbelj, B., & Štirn, I. (2015). Relationship between different push-off variables and start performance in experienced swimmers. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(8), 687–695. https://doi.org/10.1080/174613....
6.
Honda, K. E., Sinclair, P. J., Mason, B. R., & Pease, D. L. (2010). A biomechanical comparison of elite swimmers start performance using the traditional track start and the new kick start. In P. L. Kjendlie, R. K. Stallman and J. Cabri (Eds.), Proceedings of the XIth International Symposium for Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (pp. 94–96). Oslo, Norway.
7.
Houel, N., Elipot, M., André, F., & Hellard, P. (2013). Influence of angles of attack, frequency and kick amplitude on swimmer's horizontal velocity during underwater phase of a grab start. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 29(1), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.29....
8.
Landau, L. D., & Lifshitz, E. M. (2013). Quantum Mechanics: A Shorter Course of Theoretical Physics (Vol. 2). Elsevier.
9.
McLean, S. P., Holthe, M. J., Vint, P. F., Beckett, K. D., & Hinrichs, R. N. (2000). Addition of an Approach to a Swimming Relay Start. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 16(4), 342–355. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.16....
10.
Miller, D. I., & Munro, C. F. (1985). Greg Louganis’ springboard takeoff: II. Linear and angular momentum considerations. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 1(4), 288–307.
11.
Olejnik, S., & Algina, J. (2003). Generalized eta and omega squared statistics: Measures of effect size for some common research designs. Psychological Methods, 8(4), 434–447. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082- 989x.8.4.434.
12.
Qiu, X., De la Fuente, B., Lorenzo, A., & Veiga, S. (2021b). Comparison of Starts and Turns between Individual and Relay Swimming Races. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph....
13.
Qiu, X., Veiga, S., Calvo, A. L., Kibele, A., & Navarro, E. (2021a). A Kinematics Comparison of Different Swimming Relay Start Techniques. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(10), 1105–1113. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404....
14.
Qiu, X., Veiga, S., Lorenzo, A., Kibele, A., & Navarro, E. (2024). Differences in the key parameters of the individual versus relay swimming starts. Sports Biomechanics, 23(5), 598-610. https://doi.org/10.1080/147631....
15.
Ruiz-Navarro, J. J., López-Belmonte, Ó., Gay, A., Cuenca-Fernández, F., & Arellano, R. (2023). A new model of performance classification to standardize the research results in swimming. European Journal of Sport Science, 23(4), 478–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/174613....
16.
Shepherd, I., Lindley, M. R., Logan, O., Mears, A., Pain, M. T. G., & King, M. (2023). The effect of body position and mass centre velocity at toe off on the start performance of elite swimmers and how this differs between gender. Sports Biomechanics, 22(12), 1659–1668. https://doi.org/10.1080/147631....
17.
Takeda, T., Sakai, S., Takagi, H., Okuno, K., & Tsubakimoto, S. (2017). Contribution of hand and foot force to take-off velocity for the kick-start in competitive swimming. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(6), 565–571. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404....
18.
Takeda, T., Takagi, H., & Tsubakimoto, S. (2010). Comparison among three types of relay start in competitive swimming. Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI, pp. 170–172.
19.
Taladriz, S., de la Fuente-Caynzos, B., & Arellano, R. (2016). Analysis of angular momentum effect on swimming kick-start performance. Journal of Biomechanics, 49(9), 1789–1793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbio....
20.
Vantorre, J., Seifert, L., Bideau, B., Nicolas, G., Fernandes, R. J., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Chollet, D. (2010). Influence of swimming start styles on biomechanics and angular momentum. Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI, Oslo Nordbergtrykk, 180–182.
21.
Veiga, S., & Roig, A. (2017). Effect of the starting and turning performances on the subsequent swimming parameters of elite swimmers. Sports Biomechanics, 16(1), 34–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/147631....
22.
World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2....
23.
Wilson, J. M., & Flanagan, E. P. (2008). The role of elastic energy in activities with high force and power requirements: a brief review. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1705–1715.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1899-7562 |
| ISSN: | 1640-5544 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
