SPORTS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY / RESEARCH PAPER
Acute Responses of Blood Lactate, the Countermovement Jump, and the Rating of Perceived Exertion after Flywheel Squats
using Varied Power-Loss Thresholds
1
Sport, Exercise and Human Movement (SEaHM), University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.
2
Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.
3
Sport Performance and Physical Fitness Research Group (UIRFIDE), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
4
Department of Education and Sport Sciences, Pegaso Telematic University, Naples, Italy.
Submission date: 2025-04-09
Final revision date: 2025-05-06
Acceptance date: 2026-01-05
Online publication date: 2026-06-01
Corresponding author
Jordi Vicens-Bordas
Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain, Spain
Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain, Spain
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
This study examined acute responses of blood lactate concentration ([La]), the countermovement jump (CMJ) and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) after performing flywheel exercise at different power-loss thresholds (10% vs. 15%). Fourteen senior male basketball players (mean ± SD; age: 24 ± 3 years; body height: 1.89 ± 0.06 m; body mass: 84.8 ± 10.1 kg) were recruited. Participants completed three sets with 2-min inter-set rest intervals using a squat flywheel device in counterbalanced and randomized order. [La] and the CMJ (jump height, peak force, and the reactive strength index modified (RSImod)) were assessed before and after the exercise protocol at 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-, and 9-min time points. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Very-large time effects were present on [La] (mmol·L−1), large-to-medium effects on jump height (cm), small-to-medium effects on peak force (N) and large effects on the RSImod (AU). There were differences between protocols only for [La] (medium effect). The 15% condition presented larger [La], greater jump height and RSImod reductions compared to the 10% condition. No differences were found for the rating of perceived exertion (AU), and delayed onset of muscle soreness (AU). In conclusion, high acute metabolic and neuromuscular stress was caused by both protocols, with greater detrimental effects following the 15% condition.
REFERENCES (42)
1.
Beato, M., De Keijzer, K. L., Leskauskas, Z., Allen, W. J., Dello Iacono, A., & McErlain-Naylor, S. A. (2021a). Effect of Postactivation Potentiation After Medium vs. High Inertia Eccentric Overload Exercise on Standing Long Jump, Countermovement Jump, and Change of Direction Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(9), 2616–2621. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.00....
2.
Beato, M., De Keijzer, K. L., Muñoz-Lopez, A., Raya-González, J., Pozzo, M., Alkner, B. A., Dello Iacono, A., Vicens-Bordas, J., Coratella, G., Maroto-Izquierdo, S., Gonzalo-Skok, O., McErlain-Naylor, S. A., Martin-Rivera, F., Hernandez-Davo, J. L., Arrones, L. S., Sabido, R., De Hoyo, M., Fernandez-Gonzalo, R., & Norrbrand, L. (2024). Current Guidelines for the Implementation of Flywheel Resistance Training Technology in Sports: A Consensus Statement. Sports Medicine 54(3), 541–556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279....
3.
Beato, M., Fleming, A., Coates, A., & Dello Iacono, A. (2021b). Validity and reliability of a flywheel squat test in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(5), 482–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404....
4.
Beato, M., Madruga-Parera, M., Piqueras-Sanchiz, F., Moreno-Pérez, V., & Romero-Rodriguez, D. (2019). Acute Effect of Eccentric Overload Exercises on Change of Direction Performance and Lower-Limb Muscle Contractile Function. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(12), 3327–3333. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.00....
5.
Beato, M., Maroto-Izquierdo, S., Turner, A. N., & Bishop, C. (2021c). Implementing Strength Training Strategies for Injury Prevention in Soccer: Scientific Rationale and Methodological Recommendations. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 16(3), 456–461. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.....
6.
Beato, M., McErlain-Naylor, S. A., Halperin, I., and Dello Iacono, A. (2020). Current Evidence and Practical Applications of Flywheel Eccentric Overload Exercises as Postactivation Potentiation Protocols: A Brief Review. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15(2), 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.....
7.
Beato, M., Stiff, A., & Coratella, G. (2021d). Effects of Postactivation Potentiation After an Eccentric Overload Bout on Countermovement Jump and Lower-Limb Muscle Strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(7), 1825–1832. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.00....
8.
Boullosa, D., Beato, M., Dello Iacono, A., Cuenca-Fernández, F., Doma, K., Schumann, M., Zagatto, A. M., Loturco, I., & Behm, D. G. (2020). A New Taxonomy for Postactivation Potentiation in Sport. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15(8), 1197–1200. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.....
9.
Buonsenso, A., Centorbi, M., Iuliano, E., Di Martino, G., Della Valle, C., Fiorilli, G., Calcagno, G., & Di Cagno, A. (2023). A Systematic Review of Flywheel Training Effectiveness and Application on Sport Specific Performances. Sports, 11(4), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports....
10.
Carroll, K. M., Wagle, J. P., Sato, K., Taber, C. B., Yoshida, N., Bingham, G. E., & Stone, M. H. (2019). Characterising overload in inertial flywheel devices for use in exercise training. Sports Biomechanics, 18(4), 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/147631....
11.
Chatel, B., Bret, C., Edouard, P., Oullion, R., Freund, H., & Messonnier, L. A. (2016). Lactate recovery kinetics in response to high-intensity exercises. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(8), 1455–1465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421....
12.
Cormack, S. J., Newton, R. U., McGuigan, M. R., & Doyle, T. L. A. (2008). Reliability of measures obtained during single and repeated countermovement jumps. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 3(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.....
13.
De Keijzer, K., McErlain-Naylor, S. A., & Beato, M. (2022a). The Effect of Flywheel Inertia on Peak Power and Its Inter-session Reliability During Two Unilateral Hamstring Exercises: Leg Curl and Hip Extension. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, 898649. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.....
14.
De Keijzer, K., McErlain-Naylor, S. A., Brownlee, T., Raya-González, J., & Beato, M. (2022b). Perception and application of flywheel training by professional soccer practitioners. Biology of Sport, 39(4), 809–817. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsp....
15.
De Keijzer, K., McErlain-Naylor, S. A., Dello Iacono, A., & Beato, M. (2020). Effect of Volume on Eccentric Overload–Induced Postactivation Potentiation of Jumps. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15(7), 976–981. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.....
16.
Harden, M., Bruce, C., Wolf, A., Hicks, K. M., & Howatson, G. (2020). Exploring the practical knowledge of eccentric resistance training in high-performance strength and conditioning practitioners. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/174795....
17.
Harriss, D. J., & Atkinson, G. (2015). Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2016 update. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(14), 1121–1124. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035....
18.
Harry, J. R., Blinch, J., Barker, L. A., Krzyszkowski, J., & Chowning, L. (2022). Low-Pass Filter Effects on Metrics of Countermovement Vertical Jump Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(5), 1459–1467. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.00....
19.
Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b....
20.
Iannetta, D., Zhang, J., Murias, J. M., & Aboodarda, S. J. (2022). Neuromuscular and perceptual mechanisms of fatigue accompanying task failure in response to moderate-, heavy-, severe-, and extreme-intensity cycling. Journal of Applied Physiology, 133(2), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplp....
21.
Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.....
22.
Mansournia, M. A., Collins, G. S., Nielsen, R. O., Nazemipour, M., Jewell, N. P., Altman, D. G., & Campbell, M. J. (2021). A Checklist for statistical Assessment of Medical Papers (the CHAMP statement): Explanation and elaboration. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(18), 1009–1017. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjspor....
23.
Maroto-Izquierdo, S., Raya-González, J., Hernández-Davó, J. L., & Beato, M. (2021). Load Quantification and Testing Using Flywheel Devices in Sports. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 739399. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.....
24.
McErlain-Naylor, S. A., & Beato, M. (2021). Concentric and eccentric inertia–velocity and inertia–power relationships in the flywheel squat. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(10), 1136–1143. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404....
25.
Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gotzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2010). CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ, 340, c869–c869. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c8....
26.
Muñoz-López, A., Galiano, C., Núñez, F. J., & Floría, P. (2022). The Flywheel Device Shaft Shape Determines Force and Velocity Profiles in the Half Squat Exercise. Journal of Human Kinetics, 81, 15–25. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-....
27.
Norrbrand, L., Tous-Fajardo, J., Vargas, R., & Tesch, P. A. (2011). Quadriceps muscle use in the flywheel and barbell squat. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 82(1), 13–19. https://doi.org/10.3357/ASEM.2....
28.
Pareja-Blanco, F., Rodríguez-Rosell, D., Sánchez-Medina, L., Sanchis-Moysi, J., Dorado, C., Mora-Custodio, R., Yáñez-García, J. M., Morales-Alamo, D., Pérez-Suárez, I., Calbet, J. A. L., & González-Badillo, J. J. (2017). Effects of velocity loss during resistance training on athletic performance, strength gains and muscle adaptations. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 27(7), 724–735. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12....
29.
Pérez-Castilla, A., García-Ramos, A., Padial, P., Morales-Artacho, A. J., & Feriche, B. (2018). Effect of different velocity loss thresholds during a power-oriented resistance training program on the mechanical capacities of lower-body muscles. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(12), 1331–1339. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404....
30.
Petré, H., Wernstål, F., & Mattsson, C. M. (2018). Effects of Flywheel Training on Strength-Related Variables: A Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine - Open, 4(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798....
31.
Robertson, R. J., Goss, F. L., Rutkowski, J., Lenz, B., Dixon, C., Timmer, J., Frazee, K., Dube, J., & Andreacci, J. (2003). Concurrent validation of the OMNI perceived exertion scale for resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(2), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS....
32.
Rodríguez‐Rosell, D., Yáñez‐García, J. M., Mora‐Custodio, R., Sánchez‐Medina, L., Ribas‐Serna, J., & González‐Badillo, J. J. (2021). Effect of velocity loss during squat training on neuromuscular performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 31(8), 1621–1635. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13....
33.
Sabido, R., Hernández-Davó, J. L., Capdepon, L., & Tous-Fajardo, J. (2020). How Are Mechanical, Physiological, and Perceptual Variables Affected by the Rest Interval Between Sets During a Flywheel Resistance Session? Frontiers in Physiology, 11(June), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.....
34.
Sabido, R., Hernández-Davó, J. L., & Pereyra-Gerber, G. T. (2018). Influence of Different Inertial Loads on Basic Training Variables During the Flywheel Squat Exercise. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(4), 482–489. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.....
35.
Sabido, R., Pombero, L., & Hernández-Davó, J. L. (2019). Differential effects of low vs. High inertial loads during an eccentric-overload training intervention in rugby union players: A preliminary study. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 59(11), 1805–1811. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022....
36.
Sánchez-Medina, L., & González-Badillo, J. J. (2011). Velocity loss as an indicator of neuromuscular fatigue during resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(9), 1725–1734. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b....
37.
Vicens-Bordas, J., Esteve, E., Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Bandholm, T., & Thorborg, K. (2018). Is inertial flywheel resistance training superior to gravity-dependent resistance training in improving muscle strength? A systematic review with meta-analyses. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsam....
38.
Weakley, J., Mann, B., Banyard, H., McLaren, S., Scott, T., & Garcia-Ramos, A. (2021). Velocity-Based Training: From theory to application. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 43(2), 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.00....
39.
Weakley, J., McLaren, S., Ramirez-Lopez, C., García-Ramos, A., Dalton-Barron, N., Banyard, H., Mann, B., Weaving, D., & Jones, B. (2020). Application of velocity loss thresholds during free-weight resistance training: Responses and reproducibility of perceptual, metabolic, and neuromuscular outcomes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(5), 477–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404....
40.
Wirtz, N., Wahl, P., Kleinöder, H., & Mester, J. (2014). Lactate kinetics during multiple set resistance exercise. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 13(1), 73–77.
41.
Younes-Egana, O., Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Stojanovic, M., Bird, S., & Calleja-González, J. (2023). Effectiveness of Eccentric Overload Training in Basketball Players: A Systematic Review. Journal of Human Kinetics, 88, 243–257. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/16....
42.
Yuan, Z., Liao, K., Zhang, Y., Han, M., Bishop, C., Chen, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, G., & Li, Y. (2023). Optimal velocity loss threshold for inducing post activation potentiation in track and field athletes. Biology of Sport, 40(2), 603–609. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsp....
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1899-7562 |
| ISSN: | 1640-5544 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
