RESEARCH PAPER
Aerobic Exercise under Cold Conditions May Affect the Cardiac Structure by Elevating the Galectin 3 and CK-MB Levels
1
Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
2
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Erzurum City Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
3
Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey.
4
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.
5
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Health Sciences University, Istanbul, Turkey.
6
Department of Physical Education and Sports, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
Submission date: 2025-03-23
Final revision date: 2025-07-11
Acceptance date: 2025-11-04
Publication date: 2026-04-02
Corresponding author
Journal of Human Kinetics 2026;101:87-102
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the myocardial effects of aerobic exercise in cold weather in healthy individuals by measuring galectin-3 (Gal-3) and CK-MB levels. Forty-one individuals (12 professional athletes [age: 21.91 ± 2.60 years, body mass: 63.5 ± 8.4 kg, BMI: 21.7 ± 1.6 kg/m2], 14 physically active [age: 21.95 ± 2.30 years, body mass: 65.5 ± 10.3 kg, BMI: 22.4 ± 1.4 kg/m2], and 15 sedentary individuals [age: 21.40 ± 2.64 years, body mass: 62.5 ± 7.4 kg, BMI: 22.2 ± 1.7 kg/m2]) participated in this study. Athletes and physically active individuals performed 40 minutes of acute aerobic running exercises at 0°C and 20°C environmental temperatures. Gal-3 and CK-MB levels were measured pre- and post-exercise. Baseline Gal-3 levels of professional athletes (p < 0.001) and physically active individuals (p = 0.048) were significantly higher than those of sedentary individuals. Two-way ANOVA showed significant interaction (p = 0.035) between temperature (0°C vs. 20°C) and exercise (pre- vs. post-exercise). At 0°C, there was a significant increase in post-exercise serum Gal-3 levels when compared with pre-exercise values (p < 0.001, +7.1%), whereas no significant difference was observed at 20°C. Moreover, no significant interaction was found for CK-MB levels (p = 0.306) between the temperature (0°C vs. 20°C) and exercise (pre- vs. post-exercise). Additionally, there was a significant difference between pre- and post-exercise values at the 0°C environmental temperature for serum CK-MB levels (p < 0.001), while there was no significant difference at 20°C. This study demonstrates that regular exercise is associated with biochemical abnormalities that may affect cardiac structure and function. Aerobic exercise under cold conditions may cause myocardial injury.
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